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This book is a systematic study of  the history of population policies in the People’s Republic of China. After a general discussion of the country’s overall thinking on and strategies for population control and management, the author  examines the relations between demographic changes  and economic development, especially the background to and motives behind the recent replacement of the “one-child policy” by the “two-child policy”,  the current state of elderly-care industry and social security, the population migration and urbanisation, and finally, population quality and sustainable development.