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This book reviews the development of China’s social security system since 1949 and analyzes its key features at each stage. By stressing the role of the social security system in regulating income distribution, it points out some problems in the current social security framework that are becoming apparent as income inequality remains large. It proposes various measures to tackle the problem, including  intensifying the reform of the social insurance fund, expanding old-age insurance coverage, promoting equality in healthcare, and establishing a new rural medical insurance system. The author argues that these will be instrumental for improving fairness, sustainability, and inclusivity of the system.