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Poverty and ecological degradation are two major problems commonly found in many developing countries. Under pressure from population growth and rapid economic development, China faces growing resource stress, escalating ecological deterioration, and accelerated biodiversity loss. The book builds a theoretical framework for analyzing various aspects of the experiences of poor rural households in mountainous areas. A number of issues received close examination, including  the relationship between rural households’ livelihood and the state of the local ecological environment, attitudes toward and perceptions about conservation policies among the rural population, and the utilization of forest resources by farmers the efficiency, effectiveness and fairness of the ecological compensation program.