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This comparative work are divided into two parts——cultural tradition of values and cultural tradition of the societies in China and India. The first part mainly presents the religious traditions in India, the destinies of Buddhism in China and India, the design of an ideal life in Hinduism, aesthetic traditions, traditions of way of thinking, scientific traditions in China and India. Seven topics are covered in the second part: relatives system, marriage, sex cultural, morality, the cohesion and separation of the social group, political and cultural traditions, the mode of the reaction towards foreign aggression in China and India. The author analyzed the important differences of the cultural traditions between China and India, and pointed out that in twenty century, China and India faces a common task, that is how to keep and sustain the cultural traditions in the modern society. The society of China and India cannot develop without traditions. On the contrary, cultural traditions are decisive factors in the development of the two countries in a sense. From global perspective, the development modes of China and India have limitations. A new culture could be fostered to overcome the limitation from the author’s view, and the ancient cultural traditions of China and India may give reference to this new culture for human.