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Under the impact of drastic changes in the internal and the external environment, the Chinese economy has entered a recovery track and continued to improve since 2023 and still facing various challenges. The short-term economic growth has declined, which further increases the risk appetite of market entities. In order to accelerate the formation of a favorable situation of expected upward spiral growth, short-term policies need to be guided in advance and continuously release favorable impacts, while also carrying out long-term institutional and mechanism reform and improvement work. At the same time, China also faces the challenge of modernization with a huge population. From the perspective of pressure and trial, China's high population growth period has passed, and the population size will remain stable or decline slightly for a long time. The aging of the population is an indisputable fact, which restricts the long-term economic growth and brings pressure. It is also a stress and test to realize Chinese-style modernization. In terms of achieving modernization with a huge population, China faces four major liabilities: total debt, structural debt, gender debt, human capital debt, etc.

Chinese-style modernization is different from traditional modernization. It is not only the modernization of huge population, common prosperity, low-carbon transformation and green development, but also the modernization of simultaneous development of spiritual civilization and material civilization. At the same time, Chinese-style modernization is a modernization that relies on the self-reliance of the Chinese people. Only in this way can we better promote the goals of shared development, green development, coordinated development and peaceful development. To discuss the Index of Chinese-style modernization can better promote Chinese path to modernization. Based on the five characteristics of Chinese-style modernization, this paper constructs the evaluation index system of sustainable development of cities at and above the prefecture level, which based on the essence and basic characteristics of economic development quality and referred to the five major international indicator systems and the high-quality development indicators of provincial economy.