Preface / 001
BⅠ Overview
B.1Policy implementation and institutional innovation
of low-carbon development in China / 003
1. The puzzle of policy implementation / 003
2. Three models of low-carbon development policy implementation / 005
3. Evolution of energy conservation policy implementation model / 007
4. Formation of renewable energy policy implementation model / 015
5. Low-carbon pilots policy and institutional innovation / 020
6. Policy implications / 022
B.2Logic, restrictions and innovations in the low-carbon
governance of China / 024
1. Basic logic / 025
2. Supporting elements/ 035
3. Main restrictions/ 050
4. Innovation path/ 068
BⅡ Policy implementation: energy conservation
target responsibility system
B.3Institutional innovation in energy conservation policy
implementation in China / 078
1. Energy conservation target responsibility system is the core institution
underlying the hachievement of the energy conservation target
in the 11th Five-year-plan period / 078
2. Concept and nature of energy conservation target
responsibility system / 081
3. Establishment of energy conservation target responsibility system
redefines energy conservation management agencies, which
have gradually weakened as a result of government restructuring / 084
4. Establishment of energy conservation target responsibility
system effectively raises the power status of energy
conservation management agencies / 088
5. Relying on a unique administrative system, energy conservation target
responsibility system is effectively implemented in China / 091
B.4Implementation of energy conservation target responsibility system / 093
1. Energy conservation target responsibility system
within the governments / 093
2. Energy conservation target responsibility system between
governments and enterprises / 107
B.5Performance of energy conservation target responsibility system / 115
1. Guarantees the achievement of the energy conservation targets since
the 11th FYP in China / 115
2. Strengthens local governments?establishment of
energy conservation agencies / 119
3. Facilitates local governments?fiscal investment in
energy conservation / 125
4. Stimulates local governments?innovation of
energy conservation policies / 128
5. Improves enterprises?energy conservation management / 132
6. Redirects enterprise capital towards energy conservation / 134
7. Does not have a substantive impact on local governments?
mindset for development / 135
8. Assessment of energy conservation target performance
is lack of scientific basis / 135
B.6Working mechanism of energy conservation target
responsibility system / 137
1. Top-down pressure transfer mechanism / 137
2. Incentive mechanism for government officials / 139
3. Economic incentive mechanism for enterprises / 141
4. Legal status established by the Energy Conservation Law / 142
5. Energy conservation target responsibility system hardly triggers
Bottom-up motivation for energy conservation / 143
BⅢ Effects of policy implementation part I:
Energy efficiency finance
B.7Overview of energy efficiency finance and corresponding effects / 151
1. Overview of energy efficiency finance in the 11th FYP / 151
2. End uses of energy efficiency finance / 155
3. Outcomes of energy efficiency activities / 157
4. Investment cost of energy efficiency activities / 158
B. 8Financing channels of energy efficiency / 160
1. Funding sources / 160
2. Government budgets / 161
3. Non-government agents / 167
4. Leverage effects / 169
5. Financing innovations / 170
B. 9Outlook of energy efficiency finance in the 12th FYP / 176
1. Finance need in the 12th FYP / 176
2. Finance gap in the 12th FYP / 179
3. Finance sources in the 12th FYP / 180
4. Funding management of government budgets in the 12th FYP / 182
5. Policy implications / 185
6. Conclusion / 188
Appendix 1Government budgets of the provincial level governments / 189
Appendix 2Government budgets of the prefectural level governments / 190
Appendix 3Provincial governments?contribution of phasing out
obsolete production capacities / 191
Appendix 4Corporate investment / 191
Appendix 5Energy saving potentials achieved by technology upgrades
in the industry sector in the 12th FYP and
corresponding finance need / 193
Appendix 6Energy saving potentials achieved by phasing
out obsolete production capacities in the 12th FYP / 195
Appendix 7Incremental cost of retrofitting existing public buildings
and finance need in the transport sector / 195
B Ⅳ Effects of policy implementation part II:
Renewable Energy Finance
B.10Characteristics of China wind power and PV power finance / 206
1. Renewable energy investment in China / 207
2. Project developers / 211
3. Financial models / 216
4. Investment structure of wind and PV power projects / 218
5. Financial channels / 220
B.11Wind power finance/ 223
1. Wind power industry development / 223
2. Government-led wind power financing approach / 226
3. Characteristics of wind power financing / 236
B.12PV power finance / 240
1. PV manufacturing industry development / 240
2. Manufacturer-driven PV power financing approach / 247
3. Characteristics of PV power financing / 259
B.13The demand of renewable energy investment for the 12th FYP
and policy implications / 262
1. The demand of renewable energy investment for the 12th FYP / 262
2. Problems and policy implications / 264
Appendix 1The renewable energy financing continuum / 268
Appendix 2China wind resource distribution and
wind power development / 268
Appendix 3China solar resource distribution and
PV power development / 269
Appendix 4Case studies of renewable energy project
developers finance / 269
Appendix 5Current wind power project application process / 287
BⅤ Institutional Innovation:
Low Carbon Pilots
B.14Overview of low carbon Pilots / 294
1. Background and significance of the introduction of
low carbon pilots / 294
2. Economic conditions and energy consumption of
low carbon pilots / 297
3. Conceptual basis of low carbon development and
transformation in the pilots / 300
B.15Planning of low carbon pilot work / 301
1. Low carbon development planning / 301
2. Characteristics of low carbon development planning / 304
B.16Policy content of low carbon pilot program / 306
1. Industry structure adjustment / 306
2. Energy consumption structure adjustment / 309
3. Low carbon transport / 312
4. Low carbon building / 313
5. Low carbon life / 315
6. Carbon sink / 317
B.17Policy instrument of low carbon pilots / 320
1. Command and control instrument / 320
2. Economic incentives instrument / 321
3. Voluntary instrument / 329
4. Information disclosure / 330
B.18Capacity building of low carbon pilots / 332
1. Foundation of low carbon pilot leading group / 332
2. Establishment of GHG Statistics, monitoring and
assessment system / 333
3. Other capacity building / 338
B.19Summary of low carbon pilot work / 341
1. Driving force of local government to develop low carbon pilot / 341
2. Outcome and characteristics of low carbon pilot work / 343
3. Challenges of low carbon pilot work / 347
4. Progress of the second batch of low carbon pilots / 352
5. Summary / 355
Appendix / 356
BⅥ Low-carbon indicators
B.20Low-carbon development indicators / 395
1. Energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission / 395
2. Efficiency of energy and carbon dioxide emission / 402
3. Structure of energy consumption / 408
4. International comparison / 410
BⅦAppendices
B.21Appendix 1Glossary / 411
B.22Appendix 2Units / 413
B.23Appendix 3Acronyms and Abbreviations / 414
B.24Index of Figures and Tables / 415
Dr. Qi Ye is Cheung Kong Professor of Environmental Policy, professor at School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, and Director of the Climate Policy Institute at Tsinghua. He serves on the Science Steering Committee of the Global Carbon Project.
Dr. Qi advises governments, NGO's and international organizations on climate change, clean energy and environmental policy issues. Before he returned to China, he taught Environmental Science, Policy and Management at University of California, Berkeley from 1996 through 2003. His research focuses on climate and environmental policy and governance, and he has published extensively on climate change science and environmental policy.
This annual review looks into policy implementation and institutional innovation through the lens of four topics. Selection of the topics is based on the understanding that good policy performance relies on policy implementation, and that innovation of policy as well as innovation of policy implementation mechanism relies on the innovation of broader institutional environment. Previous research has revealed that the target responsibility system (hereafter referred to as TRS) plays a critical role in energy conservation and carbon reduction policy implementation in recent years.
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