Contents
Preface／001
Ⅰ General Report
1 Review and Prospect of the Development of Chinese Social Credit System (2014-2015)／001
1.Overall Layout of the Development of Chinese Social Credit System／003
2.Achievements of the Development of Chinese Social Credit System／013
3.Main Problems in the Process of Building the Social Credit System／022
4.Suggestions to Improve the Social Credit System／026
5.Prospect of the Development of Social Credit System／030
Abstract: Because social credit system is very important to our country, these leaders, who are in CPC Central Committee or the State Council have been paying great attention to this system. In June 2014, Plan for the Development of the Social Credit System (2014-2020) was published by the State Council. That was a big deal, because it not only showed the attitudes of the incumbent, but also pointed out the direction of the development of the social credit system. First, the foundation of the credit system should include well-established legal system, supervision system and the credit reporting system. Second, the main task of the development of the credit system is to enhance those four kinds of credit, those are, governmental credit, business credit, social credit and the credibility of judicial offices. Third, it is important to promote honesty construction and to improve incentive mechanism which will benefit the person who keeps his word and punish him when he breaks his promise. After the publication of the plan, the central government and the local governments acted immediately and set a timetable for the development of the credit system. For the credit researchers, they have done many things. With the help of some Practitioners, the research on credit and education in credit theories have been taken to a new level. Though we have made great progress, there are some problems yet. For example, bank crisis or economic crisis are not far away, especially the time when we are going through the structural transformation of the economy; innovations in internet area are promoting the combination of people and the Net, while the regulation is very inefficient; data is important, but when credit data are accumulated, we are incapable of tackling with them. Based on these problems, this article puts through some suggestions: (1) to reinforce coordination to promote efficiency; (2)to adopt accountability mechanisms to increase governmental credit; (3)to regulate the internet commerce; (4)to pay close attention to the risk to maintain a stable financial system; (5)to give impetus to credit-rating firms and enhance the ability of credit management.
Keywords: Development of Social Credit System; Governmental Credit; Business Credit; Social Credit;Credibility of Judicial
Ⅱ Sub-reports
2 Personal Credit Reporting and Civic Credit System／032
Abstract: Credit is the foundation of the market economy. In order to perfect our country’s market economy system, to ensure that the market mechanism is playing its important role, it has been the crunch time to establish the personal credit rating system. In this chapter, we look at the development of personal credit rating system and personal credit report in our country, determine the existing problems in the current construction of personal credit rating system and related problems in the practice, and propose the countermeasure and suggestion of further construction of personal credit rating system in our country.
Keywords: Personal Credit Rating；Credit Report；Credit System；Credit Discipline
3 Business Registration Reform and Enterprise Credit System／059
Abstract: Business registration system, also known as the enterprise registration system, which is the basic rules and foundation of the market management and maintenance of the market economic order in a state. On the basis of reviewing the business registration system development in our country, the article analyzed the content and features of the reform of business registration system, and cleared the fundamental role of construction of enterprises credit system to this reform. Then the paper pointed out the direction of the business registration reform, which was improving the supervision results, improving disclosure and strengthening sector linkages.
Keywords: Commercial Registration; Width Enters Strict Tube; The Enterprise Credit; The Rewards and Punishment Linkage Mechanism
4 The Credibility of Government and Governmental Credit System／087
Abstract: As an important kind of credit of the social credit system, governmental credit can be defined as the overall performance during the process in which government gains its power and fulfills its responsibilities. In this article we first study the connotation of governmental credit and the differences between governmental credit and trust-in-government. Then we explain the basic structure and traits of governmental credit. After the analysis of the achievements and the shortcomings of Chinese government in building its credit during the last two years(2013-2015), we conclude that: (1)we should enhance the government’s attitudes to its credit and the public’s trust to the government; (2)we should improve the legal system and the credit rating system; (3) we should strength the interactive relation between the government and the public.
Keywords: Governmental Credit; Government’s Attitudes to Credit; Government’s Ability to Credit; Governmental Credit in Broad Sense
5 The Internet Information Services Credit System／120
Abstract: Credit is the foundation and development guarantee to internet information services industry. This report shows the development of China’s internet information services, pointed out the problems in the construction process of internet information service credit system. On this basis, the report study environmental, legal, market, regulatory and other factors that impact China’s internet information service credit building, and make the prospect of the risk profile of internet information services industry, from the ecological environment, network moral, credit management, market order, laws and regulations, the network law enforcement, industry self-discipline and using the experiences of the developed countries, etc., and point out policy recommendations on how to development credit system services about China’s internet information services industry.
Keywords: Internet Information Service；Credit System；Policy Recommendations
Ⅲ Industry Research Reports
6 Research on the Development of the Credit of General Retailing／154
Abstract: The credit status of general retailing has been greatly improved since reform and opening up. However, the entire industry is facing pressure to upgrade now, and the credit problems have a new performance. On the one hand, fraud of price and quality becomes more subtle, which harms consumer confidence; on the other hand, payment delays occur frequently, which leads to negative impact on the production industry. This report holds that more interventions on competition, such as the usage of anti-monopoly policies, should be valued in guiding the upstream and downstream enterprises to establish a better channel relationship. And regular government regulation actions, correct concepts of consumption, credit evaluation and publish, as well as the self-regulation of retailing industry, will also play an important role in improving the credit condition of general retailing.
Keywords: General Retailing；Credit Monitoring；Policy Suggestion
7 Research on the Development of the Credit of Courier Services／176
Abstract: After 30 years of development, courier services as a core business of the modern logistics industry in China has formed a large-scale industry. At the same time, there are also various discreditable phenomenon’s, manifested in poor quality of service, complaint rate increasing, the terms of overlord, disclosure of personal information, which has restricted the rapid development of the industry. Analysis of the key factors affecting the development of express delivery industry lie in the imperfect laws and regulations, multi-thread supervision resulting in inefficient, standard is imperfect and inadequate implementation, homogeneous competition resulting in chaotic management, lack of professionals. Based on this, this article believes that, in order to promote the credit development of the industry, which to provide a good environment support for the development of express industry, should establish and improve laws and regulations and strengthen supervision, improve the service standard, relax market access in order to enhance the market competitiveness, strengthen the service innovation, actively play the role of express industry association, etc..
Keywords: Courier Services；Credit Environment；Policy Suggestions
8 Research on the Development of the Credit of the Third Party Payment Industry／199
Abstract: As a method to filling the credit absence of E-commerce, the third party payment has being forming an important means of payment, with a development more than a decade since its establishment. Through the analysis of the development status of China’s third party payment industry and its credit, this report points out the main problems in the construction process of third party payment industry credit system, such as lack of credit in trading participants, fictitious trading, false propaganda and information leakage. Besides, the report reveals the key factors affecting the development of the third party industry and its credit, including lack of credit conception in main participants, lack of credit conception in network security and the imperfection of laws and regulations. In order to promote the credit development of the industry, some policy suggestions should be put forward, such as improving laws and regulations, enhancing regulatory effectiveness, improving the enterprise own level of service and strengthening the construction industry association, etc.
Keywords: The Third Party Payment Industry；Credit Environment；Policy Suggestions
9 Research on the Development of the Credit of Fast Food Services／226
Abstract: In China, as the fast-food industry plays more and more important role in meeting the daily needs of urban residents, its credit status has significant impact on the people’s livelihood. In these years, the credit status of fast-food industry has been improved continuously. However, there are many problems existing in the aspects of operators, daily operation, branding, self-regulation. So, in order to improve the credit status, several suggestions are given in this report: firstly, the credit system should be established; secondly, the standards and regulations of the fast-food industry need to be published; thirdly, the branding and chain operation should be widely used in fast-food industry.
Keywords: Fast Food Services；Influence on Credit；Policy Suggestions
Ⅳ Special Research Reports
10 Credit Environment Assessment Report on China’s Cities in 2014／247
Abstract: The average score of the sampled 123 cities is 77.06, and for the top 50 of these cities, it is 79.5. The two scores show that the development of credit environment in cities has already on its right way. Among the five classification assessed, society gets the highest score 79.85, while confidence of investors gets the lowest, 73.31. Also according to our report, the main factors that affect the score are low-speed of economic growth, deficiency of confidence of investors, potential risk of real estate market and decline of the environment in cities.
Keywords: City Credit Environment; Top 50 of the Cities; Development of Credit Environment
11 Credit Index Report on China’s Yiwu Market in 2014／320
Abstract: This report analyzes the credit index of the market of Yi Wu in 2014. Based on the current situation of macro economy and the market regulation in Yi Wu, our report not only studies the performance of the YMCI and sectorial index, but also predicts the development of the credit of the market in Yi Wu.
Keywords: Credit Index; Credit of Market; Sectorial Index; Credit Regulation
Ⅴ Appendix
12 Local Practice of Credit Construction／346
13 University Practice of Credit Education／371
14 Memorabilia of Credit Construction／388
15 Postscript／402
Annual Report on China’s Credit Development (2014-2015) is composed of five reports: General report, Sub-reports, Industry Research Reports, Special Research Reports, and Appendix. The General Report summarizes the progress, weaknesses in 2013-2014, and prospects for the development of the China’s Social Credit System in 2015. The Sub-reports cover individual credit, business credit, governmental credibility and online credit. The Industry Research Reports focus on specified booming industries, such as the retail business, express services, third-party payment services and the fast-food service, all of which are closely linked to the lives of everyday people. The monographic reports consist of two reports: (1) an Assessment of the Credit Environment in China’s Cities, and (2) an Assessment of the Credit Index in Yi Wu. The Special Research Reports include local practice of credit construction and university practice of education, introduce the credit practices of eight major cities, while the report on credit in higher education presents the achievements of credit education in five universities, and retrospect and record credit-related events in 2013-2014 . The report can be summarized thus.
The General Report is based upon the requirements of the “Four Areas” (governmental, business, social and judicial integrity) and the “Three Basic Projects”. These requirements are presented by the Development Plan of China’s Social Credit System (2014-2020). Generally speaking, the main goals of the report should be enhancing credit regulation, promoting legislation, perfecting the incentive system, as well as sharing information.
The Sub-reports occupy an important place in this book. A new approach for individual credit investigation is put forward, arguing that a unified public credit information service and diversified private credit information services can coexist in the free market. Based on the registration system, the development of the business credit system depends upon strong supervision, publicly available information, and the joint interaction of government departments. As for governmental credit, we should not only strengthen the credit willingness and promote legislation but also establish the idea that governmental credit should be rated. For online credit, although there are some constraints in several areas of Internet services, such as the environment, legislation, specify market and regulation, we could make progress in the network ecosystem, network ethics, credit management, law-enforcement, self-regulation and so on.
The Industry Research Reports involve the focus issues. To solve the problem of credit deficiency in some booming industries, there is a lot of work to be done. Regarding the retail service, we need to perfect market mechanisms, rationalize the relationship between the upstream and downstream firms, and promote the rating of credit and the public availability of information. To improve the competitiveness of the express service, we need to promote legislation, strengthen the supervision, set explicit rules and broaden market access. To promote third-party payments, we need to wipeout fraudulent payments, punish misleading propaganda, prevent information disclosure and deal with the complaint in a timely manner. To boom fast-food services, we could make some progress in business patterns, brand image, industrial standards, self-regulation and other areas.
The Special Research Reports represent our own special research. We put two reports in the book. The first is Credit Environment Assessment on China’s Cities, which has a sample of 123 cities among, from which the top 50 cities are chosen. According to this assessment, the main constraints of the Credit Environment are deficiency in the confidence of investors, potential risk to the real estate market, environmental decline in cities. The second report is Credit Index Assessment on the market in Yi Wu, which not only studies the performance of the YMCI and sectorial index, but also reveals the relationship between regulation and market vitality.
The Appendix is extended content. We introduce the practices of eight cities and five universities. Also, we retrospect and record credit-related events from the past two years.
In summary, Annual Report on China’s Credit Development (2014-2015) presents a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the development of the social credit in 2013-2014. Due to the limitations in our researches, there may be some errors. Nevertheless, we hope that this book will provide a window into theories and practices which can help readers to learn about the development of the Chinese Social Credit System.
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