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Water is the basic and strategic resource for human survival and development，and basins are physical geographic units where man and nature coexist. In ancient and modern times，“a good ruler must be good at water governance”. China is one of the countries with the most complicated water regimens and the most onerous water governance tasks in the world. Furthermore，the extreme weather brought about by global climate change in the future is very likely to aggravate the task of water governance in urban and rural areas. At the same time，to achieve high-quality economic development and high-quality life of the people make a new request for urban and rural water governance in the era of ecological civilization.

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized that “building an ecological civilization is a national project of millennial significance for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation” and put forward “the goal of building a beautiful China basically attained by 2035”. Water is the material basis and key element for China to promote the ecological civilization construction，and basins are the spatial carrier and elementary entity for building a beautiful China. The “Annual Report on Urban Development of China No.14”（hereinafter referred to as the Report），themed on “Urban and Rural Action of Water Governance in Big Country- Ecological Civilization Construction Based on Basins”，closely focuses on the main work of urban and rural water governance since the founding of the People’s Republic of China，especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China，and conducts systematic analysis and in-depth research on the water resources management，water environment governance，and water ecological civilization construction. The “report” contains seven chapters：General Report，Comprehensive Topics Chapter，Key Basins Chapter，Special Actions Chapter，Domestic Cases Chapter，International Experiences Chapter，and the Appendix. These chapters pursue intensive study on the development history，current situation，problems and challenges，development trend，institutional construction，practical work of China’s urban and rural water governance. In the meanwhile，combined with the beneficial experience of urban and rural water governance at home and abroad，the “report” also proposes some countermeasures to modernize our national governance system and capacity in the fields of water resources，water environment，water ecology，water security，water culture，etc.