Contents

Part I Introduction
1 The Double Meaning of “the Sick Man of East Asia”
and China’s Politics................................................................................. 3
References ................................................................................................. 8
2 Presentation, Discourse, and Absence ................................................... 11
References ................................................................................................. 24
3 Rural Health Care Delivery and State Building .................................. 27
References ................................................................................................. 32
4 The Structure and the Content of This Book ....................................... 33
Part II The Emerging Concept of Hygiene and Medicine
from the State Perspective
5 National Defense and Hygiene ............................................................... 37
5.1 “Disease Politics” ............................................................................. 37
5.1.1 The Plague in Guangzhou .................................................... 38
5.1.2 The Plague in Northeast China ............................................ 39
5.1.3 The Shanghai Plague ............................................................ 40
5.2 The Emerging Hygiene .................................................................... 42
5.3 Discipline Imposed by Hygiene ....................................................... 46
References ................................................................................................. 50
6 Abolishment of Traditional Chinese Medicine ..................................... 51
6.1 The Introduction of Western Medicine to China .............................. 51
6.2 The Calamity for Traditional Chinese Medicine ............................. 53
6.3 “Medicine from the State Perspective” ............................................ 57
References ................................................................................................. 62
Contentsx
7 Rural Medical Care Delivery: The Experiment
and Follow-Up in Ding County .............................................................. 63
7.1 Rural Construction Movement ....................................................... 63
7.2 Rural Medical Care Delivery: The Ding County Model ............... 65
7.3 “China’s Approach” ....................................................................... 68
References ................................................................................................. 71
Part III The People’s Medical Care: A Brand New State
and the Guideline for Health Care
8 State of “the People” ............................................................................... 75
References ................................................................................................. 80
9 Guidelines for Health Care Services ..................................................... 83
9.1 “To Cater to the Needs of Workers, Peasants, and Soldiers” ......... 84
9.2 “To Put Prevention First” ............................................................... 87
9.3 “To Unite the Traditional Chinese Medicine
with Western Medicine” ................................................................ 90
9.4 “To Combine Health Campaigns with Mass Movements” ............ 94
References ................................................................................................. 96
Part IV The Political Aspect of Hygiene: The Patriotic
Hygiene Campaign
10 Building a New and Clean State ............................................................ 99
10.1 The Ban on Opium Smoking and on the Opium Trade ................. 99
10.2 The Abolishment of Prostitution .................................................... 103
10.3 The “Cleanness” of the State and Legitimacy Construction .......... 107
References ................................................................................................. 110
11 The Patriotic Hygiene Campaign and the Construction
of Clean New People ............................................................................... 111
11.1 A Brief History of the Patriotic Hygiene Campaign...................... 111
11.1.1 Prelude (1949–1951) ....................................................... 112
11.1.2 The Fight Against Germ Warfare (1952–1954) ............... 113
11.1.3 “To Eradicate Diseases and to Exterminate
Pests” (1955–1965) .......................................................... 116
11.1.4 “Two Managements and Five Conversions”
(1972–1977) ..................................................................... 118
11.1.5 A Turning Point (1978–Present) ...................................... 119
11.2 To Remake the Nationals ............................................................... 120
11.2.1 Politics of “Cleaning” ...................................................... 121
11.2.2 The State Perspective of Individual “Cleaning” .............. 122
11.2.3 The Discipline Imposed by Daily Life ............................ 124
References ................................................................................................. 125
Contentsxi
12 A Farewell to the “Sick Man of East Asia”:
The Irony, Deconstruction, and Reshaping
of the Metaphor ....................................................................................... 127
12.1 The Irony of the Metaphor ............................................................. 127
12.1.1 “The Sick Men of East Asia” Defeated
the World Police ............................................................... 127
12.1.2 Controller of Communicable Diseases?
“Manufacturer” of Communicable Diseases?.................. 129
12.1.3 The “Uncivilized” Side of the “Civilized World” ............ 132
12.2 Deconstruction and Reshaping of the Metaphor ........................... 133
12.2.1 Construction of the Metaphor of “the Sick Man
of East Asia” .................................................................... 133
12.2.2 The Reinforcement and Acceptance
of the Metaphor of the “Sick Man
of East Asia” .................................................................... 134
12.2.3 The Dissolution and the Reshaping
of the “Sick Man” Metaphor ............................................ 135
References ................................................................................................. 137
Part V “China’s Road”: The Cooperative Medical Services
13 “To Put the Emphasis of Medical Care
on the Countryside” ................................................................................ 141
13.1 “Ministry of Health Only for Urban Lords” .................................. 141
13.2 “The Higher the Education Level One
Has, the Sillier He Is” .................................................................... 144
13.3 “Comments on Wearing a Medical Mask” .................................... 147
References ................................................................................................. 148
14 Mobile Medical Services ......................................................................... 151
14.1 “Good Doctors Sent by Chairman Mao” ....................................... 151
14.2 The Discipline Over Western Medicine ......................................... 153
References ................................................................................................. 155
15 Cooperative Medical Services in Rural Areas ...................................... 157
15.1 The Agricultural Cooperation Movement ...................................... 158
15.2 The Cooperative Medical Services ................................................ 160
15.3 A Communal Medical System ....................................................... 164
References ................................................................................................. 166
16 “China’s Road”: The Cooperative Medical Services
as a “Paradigm” ...................................................................................... 169
16.1 “Neo-Traditionalism” .................................................................... 170
16.2 The “Optimal” and the “Most Feasible” ........................................ 172
References ................................................................................................. 175
Contentsxii
Part VI A Public Country: The New Cooperative Medical Services
17 A Risk Society .......................................................................................... 179
17.1 Small Peasant Economy Versus Big Market .................................. 179
17.2 A Disrupted Medical Care Network .............................................. 182
17.3 From “the Benevolent Medicine” to the “Formula
for Money-Making” ....................................................................... 186
17.4 One’s Life or Death Is Utterly Dependent on One’s Fate .............. 189
References ................................................................................................. 192
18 New Cooperative Medical Service ......................................................... 195
18.1 Reconstruction ............................................................................... 195
18.2 Diffi culties ..................................................................................... 198
18.3 The Crux of the Problem ............................................................... 199
References ................................................................................................. 201
19 A Public Country and Its Expansion .................................................... 203
19.1 The Public Dimension of a State with Its “Internal Demand” ....... 204
19.2 Increasingly “Broader” Public Aspect of a State ........................... 206
19.3 From Group Orientation to Individual Orientation ........................ 207
References ................................................................................................. 210
Part VII Conclusion: Disease Politics: A Nation-State
or a Democratic State?
20 The Logic of Disease Politics .................................................................. 213
20.1 Nationals: Diseases, Politics, and the State ................................... 213
20.1.1 From the Church to the State: Medical Politics
in Western Countries ........................................................ 214
20.1.2 From the Filial Subjects to Nationals:
The Turn in China’s Medical Politics .............................. 216
20.2 The People: Rights and Disciplines ............................................... 219
20.2.1 Discipline the State Enforced .......................................... 219
20.2.2 Discipline Over the Discipliner ....................................... 220
20.3 Citizens: From Rights to Benefi ts .................................................. 221
References ................................................................................................. 223
21 Curse to the Latecomer .......................................................................... 225
21.1 The Advantages of Being a Latecomer .......................................... 225
21.2 Curse to the Latecomer: The Displacement
of Time and Space ......................................................................... 227
References ................................................................................................. 229
22 Local Knowledge and Localized Knowledge ........................................ 231
22.1 Local Knowledge ........................................................................... 231
22.2 “Localized Knowledge”: The Construction
of Health Care in Ding County ...................................................... 232
Contentsxiii
22.3 “Local Knowledge”: Rural Cooperative
Medical Services ............................................................................ 233
References ................................................................................................. 235
23 A Nation-State? A Democratic State? ................................................... 237
23.1 The Simultaneity in State Building:
Coexistence and Tension................................................................ 238
23.2 An Abnormal Mode ....................................................................... 239
23.3 The Retreat and the Return of the State ......................................... 240
References ................................................................................................. 242
Postscript.......................................................................................................... 243
References ........................................................................................................ 247
I. Translated Works ................................................................................. 247
II. Works in Chinese ................................................................................ 249
III. Articles in Journals .............................................................................. 251
IV. Collective Works and Historical Materials ......................................... 252
V. References in English ......................................................................... 253
VI. Other References ................................................................................ 253